Ahmad, W., Zia, M. H., Malhi, S. S., Niaz, A., & Saifullah. (2012). Boron deficiency in soils and
crops: A review. Crop. Plant. Intech, 77–114.
Akbari, G., Moolarressanavy, S. A. M., & Yousefzadeh, S. (2007). Effect of salt stress (NaCl) on
seed germination of wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.). Pakistan Journal of Biochemical Science,
10(15), 2557–2567.
American Oil Chemists' Society. (1989). Official methods and recommended practices of the
American Oil Chemists' Society, Method Cd 3-25. AOCS, Champaign, IL, USA.

Brahmchari, V. S., Mandal, A. K., Kumar, R., Rani, R., & Kumar, R. (1995). Effect of growth
substance on fruit-set and physicochemical characteristics of ‘Sardar’ guava (Psidium guajava L.).
Recent Hort, 2(2), 127–131.
Christensen, L., Beede, R., & Peacock, W. (2012). Fall foliar sprays prevent boron deficiency
symptoms in grapes. Calif. Agric, 60, 100–103.
Corbineau, F., Xia, Q., Bailly, C., & El-Maarouf-Bouteau, H. (2014). Ethylene, a key factor in
the regulation of seed dormancy. Frontiers in Plant Science, 5, 539.
Cui, Y. Y., Zhai, Y. L., Flaishman, M., Li, J. P., Chen, S. W., Zheng, C. L., et al. (2021). Ethephon
induces coordinated ripening acceleration and divergent coloration responses in fig (Ficus carica L.)
flowers and receptacles. Plant Molecular Biology, 105, 347–364.
Davarpanaha, O., Tehranifara, A., Davarynejada, G., Abadíab, J., & Khorasanic, E. (2016).
Effects of foliar applications of zinc and boron nano-fertilizers on pomegranate (Punica granatum cv.
Ardestani) fruit yield and quality. Scientia Horticulturae, 210, 1–8.
Devi, K. N., Vyas, A. K., Singh, M. S., & Singh, N. G. (2011). Effect of bioregulators on growth,
yield and chemical constituents of soybean (Glycine max). Journal of Agriculture Science, 3(4), 151–
159 .
Dhakal, S. C., Karki, M., Subedi, P., & Gc, A. (2019). Effect of ethephon doses on vegetative
characters, sex expression and yield of cucumber (Cucumis sativus cv. Bhaktapur Local) in Resunga
Municipality, Gulmi, Nepal. International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, 7(3), 370–
377.
Dhakal, S. C., Karki, M., Subedi, P., & Gc, A. (2019). Effect of ethephon doses on vegetative
characters, sex expression and yield of cucumber (Cucumis sativus cv. Bhaktapur Local) in Resunga
Municipality, Gulmi, Nepal. International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, 12, 1981–
1987.
Dotto, J. M., & Chacha, J. S. (2020). The potential of pumpkin seeds as a functional food
ingredient: A review. Sci. Afri., 10, e00575.
Eskandari, M., Haghshenas, J., & Jafari Haghighi, B. (2010). Application of ethephon on yield
and some growth parameters of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) cv. Jordis Hilaris. Journal of Plant
Ecophysiology. (In Persian).
Fruhwirth, G. O., & Hermetter, A. (2008). Production technology and characteristics of Styrian
pumpkin seed oil. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 110, 637–644.
Gosai, S., Adhikari, S., Khanal, S., & Poudel, P. B. (2020). Effects of plant growth regulators on
growth, flowering, fruiting and fruit yield of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.): A review. Archives of
Agriculture and Environmental Science, 5(3), 268–274.
Hamidi-Moghaddam, A., Fakhr-Tabatabaei, S. M., Kashi, A., & Omidbaigi, R. (2010). The
effect of boric acid foliar application on boron accumulation in seeds and some active compounds of
Styrian pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo subsp. pepo var. styriaca). National Conference on Medicinal Plants.
(In Persian)
Hidayatullah, A. B., & Khokhar, K. M. (2009). Sex expression and level of phytohormones in
monoecious cucumber as affected by plant growth regulators. Sarhad J. Agric., 25(2), 173–177.
Jahan, M., Koocheki, A., Nassiri, M., & Dehghanipoor, F. (2007). The effects of different manure
levels and two branch management methods on organic production of Cucurbita pepo L. Iran. J. Field
Crops Res., 5(2), 281–289.
Kalantar, M., Khalighi, A., & Tafazzoli, A. (2008). Investigation of the effect of auxin,
ethephon, and planting system on quantitative traits of hybrid cucumber cv. Melita (Cucumis sativus
cv. Melita). Journal of Research in Agricultural Sciences, 4, 214–224. (In Persian).

Karimi, A., Tajbakhsh, M., Amiri, R., & Ayvazi, A. (2013). Effect of some plant growth regulators
on yield and yield components of corn (Zea mays L) [In Persian]. Journal of Crop Production Research,
20(2), 161-178 .
Khatiwada, P., Kandel, B., Chand, N., Koirala, K., & Chaudhary, N. (2024). Effect of different
doses of ethephon on vegetative characters, sex expression and yield of cucumber [Cucumis sativus] in
Rainas Municipality, Lamjung, Nepal. Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology,
12, 1981–1987.
Kozeniewska, A., Galecka, T., & Nienirowicz, K. (2003). Ethephon treatment on monoecious
cucumber accession for hybrid seed production. ISHS Acta Horticulture, 510, 715–725.
Li, Q., Guo, W., Chen, B., Pan, F., Yang, H., Zhou, J., Wang, G., & Li, X. (2021). Transcriptional
and hormonal responses in ethephon-induced promotion of femaleness in pumpkin. Frontiers in Plant
Science, 12, 715487.
Lin, J., & Tang, C. (2007). Determination of total phenolic and flavonoid contents in selected fruits
and vegetables, as well as their stimulatory effects on mouse splenocyte proliferation. Food Chemistry,
101, 140–147.
Liu, G., Dong, X., Liu, L., Wu, L., Peng, S., & Jiang, C. (2015). Metabolic profiling reveals altered
pattern of central metabolism in navel orange plants as a result of boron deficiency. Physiologia
Plantarum, 153(4), 513–524.
Lone, N. A. (2001). Studies on effect of cycocel and ethrel sprays in association with nitrogen on
growth and metabolism of mustard under non-irrigated conditions. Ph.D. Thesis, Aligarh Muslim
University, Aligarh, India.
Ma, B. L., & Smith, D. L. (1992). Growth regulators effect on above ground dry matter partitioning
during grain fill of spring barley. Crop Science, 32, 741–746.
Martínez, C., Manzano, S., Megías, Z., Garrido, D., Pico, B., & Jamilena, M. (2013).
Involvement of ethylene biosynthesis and signalling in fruit set and early fruit development in zucchini
squash (Cucurbita pepo L.). BMC Plant Biology, 13, 139. doi: 10.1186/1471-2229-13-139
Marzouk, H. A., & Kassem, H. A. (2011). Improving yield, quality, and shelf life of Thompson
seedless grapevine by preharvest foliar applications. Scientia Horticulturae, 130(2), 425–430.
McMurray, A. L., & Miller, C. H. (1976). Cucumber sex expression modified by 2-chloroethane
phosphonic acid. Horticulture Science, 162, 1397–1398.
Mir, M. R. (2002). Physiological significance of Ethrel 2 Chloroethyl Phosphonic acid and Nitrogen
in relation to growth and metabolism of Mustard under irrigated and non-irrigated conditions. Ph.D.
Thesis, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India.
Mohammadian, R. (1995). Effects of seed deterioration on germination, seedling emergence, and
establishment of seven sugar beet lines under salt stress. Master's thesis, Faculty of Agriculture,
University of Tabriz. (In Persian)
Omidbaigi, R. (2006). Production and processing of medicinal plants (Vol. 3, p. 326). Astan Quds
Razavi Publications, Tehran. (In Persian)
Pakseresht, G. M., & Pasari, B. (2020). Investigation of ethephon and male inflorescence removal
on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of corn. Journal of Plant Ecophysiology, 12(42), 131-146.
(In Persian)
Parseh, S. H., Amiri, M. E., & Fallahi, E. (2009). Application of ethephon and ABA at 40%
veraison advanced maturity and quality of 'Beidaneh Ghermez grape. In XI International Symposium
on Plant Bioregulators in Fruit Production (pp. 371–377).
Pinho, L. G., Monnerat, P. H., Pires, A. A., Freitas, M. S., & Marciano, C. R. (2015). Diagnosis
of boron deficiency in green dwarf coconut palm. Agricultural Sciences, 6, 164–174.

Prasad, M. C. T., Sajjan, A., Vyakaranahal, B. S., & Hosamani, R. M. (2008). Influence of
nutrition and growth regulators on fruit, seed yield and quality of pumpkin cv. Arka Chandan.
Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 21(1), 115–117.
Rezig, L., Chouaibi, M., Meddeb, W., Msaada, K., & Hamdi, S. (2019). Chemical composition
and bioactive compounds of Cucurbitaceae seeds: Potential sources for new trends of plant oils. Process
Safety and Environmental Protection, 127, 73–81.
Salman-Minkov, A., Levi, A., Wolf, S., & Trebitsh, T. (2008). ACC synthase genes are
polymorphic in watermelon (Citrullus spp.) and differentially expressed in flowers and in response to
auxin and gibberellin. Plant Cell Physiology, 49(5), 740–750.
Shabestari, M., & Mojtahedi, M. (1980). Physiology of crops (p. 431). Tehran University. (In
Persian)
Sharafi, Y., & Raina, M. (2020). Effect of Boron on Pollen Attributes in Different Cultivars of
Malus domestica L. National Academy Science Letters, 44, 189–194.
Sun, Z. Y., Zhang, T. J., Su, J. Q., Chow, W. S., Liu, J. Q., Chen, L. L., et al. (2015). A novel
role of ethephon in controlling the noxious weed Ipomoea cairica (Linn.) sweet. Scientific Reports, 5,
11372. doi: 10.1038/srep11372
Sure, S. H., Arooie, H., & Azizi, M. (2012). Influence of Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs) and
Planting Method on Growth and Yield in Oil Pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo var. styriaca). Ferdowsi
University of Mashhad, Department of Horticultural Science, 4(2), 101–107.
Sure, S. H., Arooie, H., & Azizi, M. (2012). Influence of plant growth regulators (PGRs) and
planting method on growth and yield in oil pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo var. styriaca). Ferdowsi
University of Mashhad, Department of Horticultural Science, 4(2), 101–107.
Sure, S., Arooie, H., & Azizi, M. (2013). Effect of GA3 and ethephon on sex expression and oil
yield in medicinal pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo var. styriaca). International Journal of Farming and
Applied Sciences, 2(9), 196–201.
Tanska, M., Ogrodowska, D., Bartoszewski, G., Korzeniewska, A., & Konopka, I. (2020). Seed
lipid composition of new hybrids of Styrian oil pumpkin grown in Poland. Agronomy, 10(8), 1104 .
Tusi-Kohel, P., Esfahani, M., Rabiei, M., & Rabiei, B. (2011). Effect of concentration and spray
time of nitrogen fertilizer on dry matter remobilization, seed yield, and yield components of rapeseed
(Brassica napus L.) Hyola 401 [In Persian]. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences, 13(2), 352-367 .
Vadigeri, B. G., Madalageri, B. B., & Sheelavantar, M. N. (2001). Effect of ethrel and gibberellic
acid on yield and quality of two cucumber varieties. Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 14,
727–730.
Wang, D., Feng, L., Duan, Q., Han, T., Xu, Z., & Bai, S. (2010). Ethylene perception is involved
in female cucumber flower development. Plant Journal, 61(5), 862–872.
Wyatt, L. E., Strickler, S. R., Mueller, A. L., & Mazourek, A. M. (2016). Comparative analysis
of Cucurbita pepo L. metabolism throughout fruit development in acorn squash and oil seed pumpkin.
Horticulture Research, 3, Article 16045.
Yousefzadeh, M., Daneshvar, M., Sharvandsond, S., & Sorkheh, H. (2013). Effect of ethephon
and nitrogen fertilizer application on quantitative traits of sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.)
Moench). Iranian Journal of Field Crop Science, 44(2), 199–207. (In Persian)
Zainali, M., Maleki Zanjani, B., Moradi, P., Shekhari, F., & Niazkhani, S. M. (2019). The effect
of drought stress on the content of phytosterols and key genes involved in beta-sitosterol synthesis
pathway in the medicinal plant (Cucurbita pepo L.). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
Research, 36(2), 209–226. (In Persian)

Zheng, Y., Wu, J., Peng, X., & Zhang, Y. (2019). Field-grown Moringa oleifera response to boron
fertilization: Yield component, chemical composition of seed-oil and physiology. Industrial Crops and
Products, 138, 111449.
Zimmerman, J. R. D. (1997). Optimal nutrition for HIV/AIDS wellness. Journal of the American
Dietetic Association, 97, A18.
Zraidi, A., Stift, G., Pachner, M., Shojaeiyan, A., Gong, L., & Lelley, T. (2007). A consensus map
for Cucurbita pepo L. Molecular Breeding, 20(4), 375–388.