مجله پژوهش در متابولیت‌های  گیاهی

مجله پژوهش در متابولیت‌های گیاهی

نقش فیتوآلکسین‌ها در برهمکنش‌های گیاه-بیمارگر

نوع مقاله : مروری

نویسندگان
1 گروه کشاورزی، مجتمع آموزش عالی میناب، دانشگاه هرمزگان، بندرعباس، ایران
2 گروه گیاهپزشکی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خوزستان، ملاثانی، ایران.
3 گروه کشاورزی، مجتمع آموزش عالی میناب، دانشگاه هرمزگان، بندرعباس، ایران.
10.22034/jrpsm.2026.554730.1095
چکیده
بیمارگرهای گیاهی همواره یکی از مهمترین تهدیدات برای تولید محصولات کشاورزی محسوب می‌شوند و سالانه خسارات قابل توجهی به عملکرد و کیفیت محصولات وارد می‌آورند. در طی تکامل، گیاهان سازوکارهای دفاعی پیچیده‌ای را برای مقابله با این عوامل بیماریزا ایجاد کرده‌اند. یکی از این مکانیسم‌های کلیدی، تولید فیتوآلکسین‌ها است که ترکیبات ضد میکروبی با وزن مولکولی پایین و متابولیت‌های ثانویه اختصاصی گیاه می‌باشند. این ترکیبات در پاسخ به تحریک توسط بیمارگرها، آسیب‌های مکانیکی یا شیمیایی، به مقدار قابل توجهی در سلول‌های سالم مجاور بافت‌های آسیب‌دیده سنتز می‌شوند. ویژگی تجمع این ترکیبات در نواحی آلوده و مهار رشد بیمارگرها، آن‌ها را به عنوان عوامل مؤثر در مقاومت به بیماری معرفی می‌کند. با توجه به چالش‌های ناشی از تغییرات اقلیمی و توسعه واریته‌های خالص کشاورزی، بیماری‌های گیاهی همچنان مانعی جدی بر سر راه افزایش تولید محصول به شمار می‌روند. از این رو، شناخت مسیرهای بیوسنتزی و مکانیسم‌های تنظیمی فیتوآلکسین‌ها، می‌تواند راهگشای رویکردهای نوین در اصلاح گیاهان برای افزایش مقاومت به بیمارگرها باشد. هدف از این مقاله، مروری جامع بر ساختار شیمیایی، مسیرهای بیوسنتز، مکانیسم‌های تنظیم‌کننده و نقش دفاعی فیتوآلکسین‌ها در مقابله با عوامل بیماریزای گیاهی است.
با پیشرفت‌های صورت‌گرفته در شناسایی ژن‌های کدکننده آنزیم‌های کلیدی در مسیر بیوسنتز فیتوآلکسین‌ها، امکان دستکاری بیان این ژن‌ها و همچنین فاکتورهای رونویسی تنظیم‌کننده این مسیرها، به عنوان راهکاری کارآمد برای افزایش تولید فیتوآلکسین و ارتقای مقاومت گیاهان به بیماری‌ها فراهم شده است. این رویکردهای مهندسی ژنتیک و اصلاح مولکولی، پتانسیل بالایی در توسعه ارقام مقاوم به بیمارگرهای گیاهی دارند و می‌توانند به کاهش خسارات ناشی از بیماری‌ها در کشاورزی کمک شایانی نمایند. با این حال، درک عمیق‌تر از شبکه‌های تنظیمی فیتوآلکسین‌ها، برای بهره‌برداری بهینه از این ظرفیت دفاعی در برنامه‌های اصلاحی ضروری به نظر می‌رسد.
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