Agati, G., Azzarello, E., Pollastri, S., & Tattini, M. (2012). Flavonoids as antioxidants in plants: Location and functional significance. Plant Science, 196: 67–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2012.07.014
Aichi-Yousfi, H., Meddeb, E., Rouissi, W., Hamrouni, L., Rouz, S., Rejeb, M. N., & Ghrabi-Gammar, Z. (2016). Phenolic composition and antioxidant activity of aqueous and ethanolic leaf extracts of six Tunisian species of genus Capparis (Capparaceae). Industrial Crops and Products, 92: 218–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.07.051
Annaz, H., Sane, Y., Bitchagno, G. T. M., Ben Bakrim, W., Drissi, B., El Bouhssini, M., & Sobeh, M. (2022). Caper (Capparis spinosa L.): An updated review on its phytochemistry, nutritional value, traditional uses, and therapeutic potential. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 13: 878749. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.878749
Apak, R., Özyürek, M., Güçlü, K., & Çapanoğlu, E. (2016). Antioxidant activity/capacity measurement. 1. Classification, physicochemical principles, mechanisms, and electron transfer (ET)-based assays. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 64(5): 997–1027. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.5b04739
Barbehenn, R. V., & Constabel, C. P. (2011). Tannins in plant–herbivore interactions. Phytochemistry, 72(13): 1551–1565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.01.040
Brunetti, C., Di Ferdinando, M., Fini, A., Pollastri, S., & Tattini, M. (2013). Flavonoids as antioxidants and developmental regulators: Relative significance in plants and humans. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 14(2): 3540–3555. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms14023540
Cheynier, V., Comte, G., Davies, K. M., Lattanzio, V., & Martens, S. (2013). Plant phenolics: Recent advances on their biosynthesis, genetics, and ecophysiology. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 72: 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.05.009
Christodoulou, S., Chimona, C., & Rhizopoulou, S. (2022). Comparison of pericarp functional traits in Capparis spinosa from coastal and inland Mediterranean habitats. Plants, 11(22): 3085. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11223085
Dai, J., & Mumper, R. J. (2010). Plant phenolics: Extraction, analysis and their antioxidant and anticancer properties. Molecules, 15(10): 7313–7352. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15107313
ElGamal, R., Song, C., Rayan, A. M., Liu, C., Al-Rejaie, S., & ElMasry, G. (2023). Thermal degradation of bioactive compounds during drying process of horticultural and agronomic products: A comprehensive overview. Agronomy, 13(6): 1580. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13061580
Ghani, A., Amini, S., Mohtashami, S., &Neamati, S.H. (2022). Physicochemical and biochemical variations of jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) populations: A comparison of Iranian and imported types. Industrial Crops and Products, 183: 114898. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2022.114898
Ghani, A., Mohtashami, S., & Jamalian, S. (2021). Peel essential oil content and constituent variations and antioxidant activity of grapefruit (Citrus × paradisi var. red blush) during color change stages. Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization, 15(6), 4917–4928. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11694-021-01051-0
Gull, T., Anwar, F., Sultana, B., Alcayde, M. A. C., & Nouman, W. (2015). Capparis species: A potential source of bioactives and high-value components: A review. Industrial Crops and Products, 67: 81–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.01.059
Hazrati, S., Mousavi, Z., Mollaei, S., Angourani, H. R., Nicola, S. (2025). Effect of Phenological Variation on the Phytochemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Different Organs of Capparis spinosa L. Horticulturae, 11(6): 702. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11060702
Inocencio, C., Rivera, D., Alcaraz, F., & Tomás-Barberán, F. A. (2000). Flavonoid content of commercial capers (Capparis spinosa, C. sicula and C. orientalis) produced in mediterranean countries. European Food Research and Technology, 28(1): 43–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-1978(99)00037-1
Isah, T. (2019). Stress and defense responses in plant secondary metabolites production. Biological Research, 52(1): 39. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40659-019-0246-3
Khojasteh Rad, M., Ghani, A., & Ghani, E. (2021). In vitro effects of Capparis spinosa L. extract on human sperm function, DNA fragmentation, and oxidative stress. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 269, 113702. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2020.113702
Lee, U., Eo, H. J., Jung, C. R., & Kim, Y. (2025). Effect of drying temperature on the level of pharmacological compounds in the rhizome of Cnidium officinale Makino. Food Science and Preservation, 32(1): 158–164. https://doi.org/10.11002/fsp.2025.32.1.158
Ma, D., Guo, Y., Ali, I., Lin, J., Xu, Y., & Yang, M. (2024). Accumulation characteristics of plant flavonoids and effects of cultivation measures on their biosynthesis: A review. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 215: 108960. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108960
Mohtashami, S. (2026). Assessment of active compound extraction from the marjoram (Origanum vulgare) influenced by dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma pretreatment. Journal of Horticultural Science, 39(3): 735-748. (In Persian with English abstract). 10.22034/jrpsm.2026.565335.1103
Mohtashami, S., Babalar, M., Ebrahimzadeh Moosavi, S.M., Mirjalili, M.H., Adib, J. (2012). The Effect of Growing Conditions and Different Drying Methods on Drying Time, Essential Oil Content, Color Characteristics and Microbial Load of Dracocephalum Moldavica L. Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science, 43 (2): 243-254.
Mohtashami, S., Babalar, M., Tabrizi, L., Ghani, A., Rowshan, V., & Shokrpour, M. (2021). Essential oil constituents and variations in antioxidant compounds of dried summer savory (Satureja hortensis cv. Saturn) affected by storage conditions and ammonium sulfate. Food Science & Nutrition, 9, 4986–4997. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.2451
Mohtashami, S., Ghani, A., & Eghlima, G. (2026). Phenotypic diversity and profiling of phenolic compounds in fruits of Iranian Capparis spinosa populations. BMC Plant Biology. In press. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-026-09493-8
Stamp, N. (2003). Out of the quagmire of plant defense hypotheses. The Quarterly Review of Biology, 78(1): 23–55. https://doi.org/10.1086/367580
Sun, Y., Yang, T., & Wang, C. (2023). Capparis spinosa L. as a potential source of nutrition and its health benefits in foods: A comprehensive review of its phytochemistry, bioactivities, safety, and application. Food Chemistry, 409: 135258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.135258
Taghvaeefard, N., Ghani, A. & Hosseinifarahi, M. (2021). Comparative study of phytochemical profile and antioxidant activity of flavedo from two Iranian citron fruit (Citrus medica L.). Food Measurement, 15: 2821–2830 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11694-021-00859-0
Taiz, L., Zeiger, E., Møller, I. M., & Murphy, A. (2018). Plant Physiology and Development (6th ed.). Sinauer Associates. 888.
Wojdylo, A., Oszmianski, J., & Czemerys, R. (2007). Antioxidant activity and phenolic compound in 32 selected herbs, Food Chemistry, 1005: 940-949. 10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.04.038
Yang, L., Wen, K. S., Ruan, X., Zhao, Y. X., Wei, F., & Wang, Q. (2018). Response of plant secondary metabolites to environmental factors. Molecules, 23(4): 762. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23040762
Zagoskina, N. V., Zubova, M. Y., Nechaeva, T. L., Kazantseva, V. V., Goncharuk, E. A., Katanskaya, V. M., Baranova, E. N., & Aksenova, M. A. (2023). Polyphenols in Plants: Structure, Biosynthesis, Abiotic Stress Regulation, and Practical Applications (Review). International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(18): 13874. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241813874