Asgarpanah, J., &Kazemivash, N. (2013). Phytochemistry, pharmacology and medicinal properties of Carthamus tinctorius L. Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine, 19(2), 153–159. https:// doi.org/10.1007/s11655-013-1354-5
Chang, C. C., Yang, M. H., Wen, H. M., &Chern, J. C. (2002). Estimation of total flavonoid content in propolis by two complementary colorimetric methods. Journal of food and drug analysis, 10(3).
Cho, M. H., Paik, Y. S., and Hahn, T. R. (2000). Enzymatic conversion of precarthamin to carthamin by a purified enzyme from the yellow petals of safflower. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 48(9), 3917- 3921.
Eghlima, G., Aghamir, F., Hajizadeh, H. S., &Zarbakhsh, S. (2025). Role of melatonin in promoting growth attributes, thymol, rosmarinic acid and biochemical properties in Thymus vulgaris L. under water deficiency. BMC Plant Biology, 25(1), 603.
Gao, F., Han, K., Ma, W., Zhang, J., &Xie, J. (2025). Exogenous Melatonin Application Enhances Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Fruit Quality via Activation of the Phenylpropanoid Metabolism. Foods, 14(7), 1247.
He, J., &Giusti, M. M. (2010). Anthocyanins: natural colorants with health-promoting properties. Annual review of food science and technology, 1(1), 163-187.
Helal, N. M., Saudy, H. S., Hamada, M. M., El-Yazied, A. A., El-Gawad, H. G. A., Mukherjee, S., ... & Ibrahim, M. F. (2024). Potentiality of melatonin for reinforcing salinity tolerance in sorghum seedlings via boosting photosynthetic pigments, ionic and osmotic homeostasis and reducing the carbonyl/oxidative stress markers. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 24(3), 4243-4260
Kuljarusnont, S., Iwakami, S., Iwashina, T., &Tungmunnithum, D. (2024). Flavonoids and other phenolic compounds for physiological roles, plant species delimitation, and medical benefits: A promising view. Molecules, 29(22), 5351.
Li, L., Yang, Y., Hou, X., Gu, D., Ba, H., Abdulla, R., and Aisa, H. A. (2013). Bioassay-guided separation and purification of water-soluble antioxidants from Carthamustinctorius L. by combination of chromatographic techniques. Separation and Purification Technology, 104: 200-207.
Luo, M., Zhang, D., Tang, W., Delaplace, P., Chen, M., & Ma, Y. (2024). Recent advances in melatonin regulation of drought tolerance in plants. Tropical Plants, 4(1).
Masoumi, Z., Haghighi, M., & Mozafarian, M. (2024). Effects of foliar spraying with melatonin and chitosan Nano-encapsulated melatonin on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L. cv. Falcato) plants under salinity stress. BMC Plant Biology, 24(1), 961.
Michałek, M., Ogrodowicz, P., Kempa, M., Kuczyńska, A., & Mikołajczak, K. (2025). Melatonin in crop plants: from biosynthesis through pleiotropic effects to enhanced stress resilience. Journal of Applied Genetics, 1-21.
Moure, A., Franco, D., Sineiro, J., Domínguez, H., Núñez, M. J., &Lema, J. M. (2000). Evaluation of extracts from Gevuinaavellana hulls as antioxidants. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 48(9), 3890-3897.
Nasr, H. G., Katkhuda, N., &Tannir, L. (1978). Effects of N Fertilization and Population Rate‐Spacing on Safflower Yield and other Characteristics 1. Agronomy Journal, 70(4), 683-685.
Oloumi, H. (2022). Melatonin; Growth regulator and strong antioxidant in plants. Journal of Plant Process and Function, (1), 37-54.
Özҫinar, A. B. (2021). Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.): utilisation, genetics and agronomy. MAS Journal of Applied Sciences, 6(Özel Sayı), 1130-1136.
Panahi, B., & Ghorbanzadeh Neghab, M. (2013). Genetic characterization of Iranian safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) using inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR) markers. Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants, 19(2), 239-243.
Salem, N., Msaada, K., Elkahoui, S., Mangano, G., Azaeiz, S., Ben Slimen, I., and Marzouk, B. (2014). Evaluation of antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant activities of safflower natural dyes during flowering. BioMed research international, 2014.
Salem, N., Msaada, K., Hamdaoui, G., Limam, F., &Marzouk, B. (2011). Variation in phenolic composition and antioxidant activity during flower development of safflower (Carthamustinctorius L.). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 59(9), 4455-4463.
Slinkard, K., & Singleton, V. L. (1977). Total phenol analysis: automation and comparison with manual methods. American journal of enology and viticulture, 28(1), 49-55.
Wagner, G. J. (1979). Content and vacuole/extravacuole distribution of neutral sugars, free amino acids, and anthocyanin in protoplasts. Plant physiology, 64(1), 88-93.
Wilton R (2023). Role of Phenols in the Development and Growth of Plants. J Plant Biochem Physiol. 11:269.
Xu, L., Yue, Q., Bian, F. E., Sun, H., Zhai, H., & Yao, Y. (2017). Melatonin enhances phenolics accumulation partially via ethylene signaling and resulted in high antioxidant capacity in grape berries. Frontiers in Plant Science, 8, 1426.
Xu, L., Yue, Q., Bian, F. E., Sun, H., Zhai, H., & Yao, Y. (2017). Melatonin enhances phenolics accumulation partially via ethylene signaling and resulted in high antioxidant capacity in grape berries. Frontiers in Plant Science, 8, 1426.
Zeynali, E. (2000). Safflower: Identification, production, and utilization. Gorgan, Iran: Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources
Zhang, N., Sun, Q., Li, H., Li, X., Cao, Y., Zhang, H & Guo, Y. D. (2016). Melatonin improved anthocyanin accumulation by regulating gene expressions and resulted in high reactive oxygen species scavenging capacity in cabbage. Frontiers in Plant Science, 7, 197.
Zhang, N., Sun, Q., Li, H., Li, X., Cao, Y., Zhang, H., ... &Guo, Y. D. (2016). Melatonin improved anthocyanin accumulation by regulating gene expressions and resulted in high reactive oxygen species scavenging capacity in cabbage. Frontiers in Plant Science, 7, 197.
Zhao, Z., Yun, C., Gu, L., Liu, J., Yao, L., Wang, W., & Wang, H. (2023). Melatonin enhances biomass, phenolic accumulation, and bioactivities of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) in vitro shoots under UV‐B stress. Physiologia Plantarum, 175(4), e13956.
Zheng, H., Yang, Y., Wu, S., Jia, F., Jiang, J., Yu, L & Qin, W. (2024). Effects of pre-harvest application of melatonin, 24-epibrassinolide, and methyl jasmonate on flavonoid content in blueberry fruit. Frontiers in Nutrition, 11, 1495655.
Zhu, J., Huang, Z., Guo, M., Xiao, Y., Li, Y., Zhang, X & Lin, L. (2025). Exogenous melatonin promotes anthocyanin accumulation and coloration in Chinese plum peels. BMC Plant Biology, 25(1), 1184.
Ziani, I., Bouakline, H., Yahyaoui, M. I., Belbachir, Y., Fauconnier, M. L., Asehraou, A & El Bachiri, A. (2023). The effect of ethanol/water concentration on phenolic composition, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of Rosmarinus tournefortii de Noé hydrodistillation solid residues. Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization, 17(2), 1602-1615.